"Study Gods" offers a rare look at the ways privileged youth in China prepare themselves to join the ranks of the global elite. Yi-Lin Chiang shows how these competitive Chinese high schoolers first become "study gods" ("xueshen"), a term describing academically high-performing students. Constant studying, however, is…

Pakistani students at secondary school level were asked to respond to a self-reporting causal attributions beliefs scale. The scale measured eight causal beliefs about success and failure. Participants of the study included 1826 students from three districts in Punjab. Results showed that both male and female students endorsed internal…

Background: Prior to high-stakes examinations, teachers may use value-promoting messages (VPMs) to communicate to students the value and importance of their forthcoming examinations in the hope that they will adopt adaptive learning and study behaviours. These messages can focus on achieving success (gain-framed) or avoiding failure (loss-framed).…