Immersion students' language abilities are generally characterized by strong receptive skills (listening, reading) and less developed productive skills (speaking, writing) when compared with L1 speakers of the immersion language (e.g., Allen et al. 1990; Cummins 1998; Harley 1992). In this paper we report results from a six-month mixed-methods…

Drawing on raciolinguistics and critical pedagogies, this article discusses critical approaches to Spanish language teacher education. Previous research highlights how racialized, monolingual, and native speaker language ideologies underlie Spanish language instruction and subsequently influence teachers' impressions of themselves and of their…

Experience with a second language (L2) has been shown to facilitate learning of a third or subsequent language (L3) (Sanz 2000). However, little is known about how much L2 experience is needed before benefits for L3 development emerge, or about whether effects depend on type of L3 instruction. We report two experiments investigating initial…