Following the work of Tamatea and Pramitasari in the Bali Coding Class (2018), we ask if liberal empowerment can sit alongside Bourdieu's social reproduction theory in framing a non-formal education coding class for rural Balinese youth. While a review of critical theory informed literature suggests not, we appropriate the work of Mills to read…

This study aimed to assess the level of empowerment experienced by Saudi women through the vocational skills taught in educated neighbourhood programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the research sought to determine whether there were statistically significant differences in empowerment levels based on marital status and the number of…

The purpose of this study was to examine the workplace learning activities professional academic advisors (AAs) utilize to serve their African American male advisees more effectively. Workplace learning was used as a lens to identify learning strategies through: (a) formal learning, (b) nonformal learning, and (c) informal learning. Findings from…

Age can lead to stigmatisation, which is aggravated in groups that are already at risk of exclusion, such as women. This intersectional bias between age and gender (gendered ageism) affects so-called mature workers (aged 50 and over) in different ways, including the prejudices of employers and workers regarding their skills and competencies, as…

In the context of technological change and the ongoing transformation of the labour market, this paper investigates firms' employer-provided continuing training provision for employees with different skill requirements. Following human capital theory, firms invest in training when expecting higher returns than costs. From a theoretical point of…

The need for non-formal education (NFE), which does not result in a formal degree or certificate, is substantial as labour markets often require adult workers to take an initiative in advancing their job-related skills. Yet, NFE opportunities are more often pursued by high-income and high-skilled adults than their low-income and low-skilled…

The Indian Government's 12th Five Year Plan features ambitious goals regarding the upskilling of women in India. While the Plan acknowledges Indian women's continued inequality, technical and vocational education and training (TVET) programmes (a main avenue for upskilling) pose considerable challenges. There is significant work to be done if…

A skill gap in Problem Solving in Technology-Rich Environments (PS-TRE) between U.S. Baby Boomers and younger generations has been documented in previous studies using the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) Survey of Adult Skills (Rampey et al., 2016). Bringing this generation of workers up to speed in this…

This short description contributes to better understanding of vocational education and training (VET) in Germany by providing insight into its main features and highlighting system developments and current challenges. Learning on the job is traditional in German education. Work-based learning (WBL) features in most secondary and tertiary VET…

The existing body of scholarly knowledge has little research focused specifically on formal, non-formal, and informal education and training's contribution to the development of expert capabilities. The purpose of this research was to find out how experts in their field of study or work perceived education and training learning contexts…

This report presents vocational education and training (VET) policy developments in Turkey between 2015 and 2017. It covers all five Europe-wide priority areas or medium-term deliverables (MTDs) agreed at Riga in June 2015: (1) Work-based learning with special focus on apprenticeships; (2) Quality assurance mechanisms in line with European Quality…

This report presents vocational education and training (VET) policy developments in Republic of Serbia (hereinafter Serbia) between 2015 and 2019. It covers all five Europe-wide priority areas or medium-term deliverables (MTDs) agreed at Riga in June 2015: (1) Work-based learning with special focus on apprenticeships; (2) Quality assurance…

This report presents vocational education and training (VET) policy developments in North Macedonia between 2015 and 2019. It covers all five Europe-wide priority areas or medium-term deliverables (MTDs) agreed at Riga in June 2015: (1) Work-based learning with special focus on apprenticeships; (2) Quality assurance mechanisms in line with…

This report presents vocational education and training (VET) policy developments in Montenegro between 2015 and 2019. It covers all five Europe-wide priority areas or medium-term deliverables (MTDs) agreed at Riga in June 2015: (1) Work-based learning with special focus on apprenticeships; (2) Quality assurance mechanisms in line with European…

This report presents vocational education and training (VET) policy developments in Albania between 2015 and 2019. It covers all five Europe-wide priority areas or medium-term deliverables (MTDs) agreed at Riga in June 2015: (1) Work-based learning with special focus on apprenticeships; (2) Quality assurance mechanisms in line with European…