Introduction: Extremism and the justification of violent and illegal acts among young people is one of the major concerns of democratic societies. We have not found any instrument that measures violent extremism among young people in Spain. The purpose of this study is to validate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of…

School delinquency in public elementary, middle, and high schools has decreased in recent years, but is still a major issue that has negative mental health and academic implications for adolescents. Although research has focused on both individual-level and school-level explanations of school delinquency, it is not yet clear which macro-level…

This study used the data from the TALIS 2018 to explore how teacher job satisfaction is affected by factors at the teacher-level (e.g., teacher motivation and teachers' perceived disciplinary climate) and school-level (e.g., school delinquency and violence) simultaneously. The HLM results showed that both the school- and teacher-level factors were…