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Leila Ouahrani; Djamal Bennouar – International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 2024
We consider the reference-based approach for Automatic Short Answer Grading (ASAG) that involves scoring a textual constructed student answer comparing to a teacher-provided reference answer. The reference answer does not cover the variety of student answers as it contains only specific examples of correct answers. Considering other language…
Descriptors: Grading, Automation, Answer Keys, Tests
Gallagher, Nancy – Delta Publishing Company, 2012
Although the TOEFL iBT does not have a discrete grammar section, knowledge of English sentence structure is important throughout the test. Essential Grammar for the iBT reviews the skills that are fundamental to success on tests. Content includes noun and verb forms, clauses, agreement, parallel structure, punctuation, and much more. The book may…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Language Tests, Computer Assisted Testing, Grammar