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Direct linkKatarzyna Patro; Antonia Gross; Claudia Friedrich – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2025
Preschool children often confuse letters with their mirror images when they try to read and write. Mirror confusion seems to occur more often in line with the direction of script (e.g., left-to-right for the Latin alphabetic script), suggesting that the processing of letter orientation and text directionality may be interrelated in preliterate…
Descriptors: Preschool Children, Initial Teaching Alphabet, Beginning Reading, Reading Instruction
Roberts, Theresa A. – Reading Research Quarterly, 2021
In this article, I illustrate how research from cognitive science and the science of reading can inform research on the science of reading instruction. This purpose is accomplished by focusing on four recently published randomized control trials of instruction designed to teach alphabet letters to 3- and 4-year-old children (N = 342) attending…
Descriptors: Initial Teaching Alphabet, Reading Research, Reading Instruction, Preschool Children
Tânia Fernandes; Sofia Velasco; Isabel Leite – Developmental Science, 2024
Discrimination of reversible mirrored letters (e.g., d and b) poses a challenge when learning to read as it requires overcoming "mirror invariance," an evolutionary-old perceptual tendency of processing mirror images as equivalent. The present study investigated "when," in reading development, mirror-image discrimination…
Descriptors: Grade 2, Grade 3, Grade 4, Grade 5
Download full textGorsuch, Greta – TESL-EJ, 2012
In the early heyday of ITA education, English as a second language (ESL) educators played a key role in defining three basic learning needs for ITAs: Language, teaching, and culture. Of this model, culture is the most broadly defined and least developed component. It was predicted by some, apparently on the basis of nationality, that ITAs would…
Descriptors: Teaching Styles, Initial Teaching Alphabet, Foreign Countries, Teaching Experience
Gorsuch, Greta J. – TESL-EJ, 2011
One challenge for many international teaching assistants (ITAs) is improving their spoken English fluency after arrival in the U.S.A. It may be argued that poor fluency, with its hallmarks of slow speech rate, false starts, and particularly pauses that violate phrasal boundaries, account for the failure of many ITAs to be certified by their…
Descriptors: Speech Communication, Reading Fluency, Initial Teaching Alphabet, Teaching Assistants
Yamagata, Kyoko – Cognitive Development, 2007
This study investigated the process by which the representational activity and knowledge about drawing and letter and number writing emerge in children 21-46 months old. The results revealed that representational activities developed with age through several phases. Beginning at age 2, children produced different marks for different systems, but…
Descriptors: Toddlers, Childrens Writing, Beginning Writing, Emergent Literacy
