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Parent Praise to Toddlers Predicts Fourth Grade Academic Achievement via Children's Incremental Mindsets
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Gunderson, Elizabeth A.; Sorhagen, Nicole S.; Gripshover, Sarah J.; Dweck, Carol S.; Goldin-Meadow, Susan; Levine, Susan C. – Developmental Psychology, 2018
In a previous study, parent-child praise was observed in natural interactions at home when children were 1, 2, and 3 years of age. Children who received a relatively high proportion of process praise (e.g., praise for effort and strategies) showed stronger incremental motivational frameworks, including a belief that intelligence can be developed…
Descriptors: Positive Reinforcement, Parents, Toddlers, Parent Child Relationship
Parent Praise to 1- to 3-Year-Olds Predicts Children's Motivational Frameworks 5 Years Later
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Gunderson, Elizabeth A.; Gripshover, Sarah J.; Romero, Carissa; Dweck, Carol S.; Goldin-Meadow, Susan; Levine, Susan C. – Child Development, 2013
In laboratory studies, praising children's effort encourages them to adopt incremental motivational frameworks--they believe ability is malleable, attribute success to hard work, enjoy challenges, and generate strategies for improvement. In contrast, praising children's inherent abilities encourages them to adopt fixed-ability…
Descriptors: Parent Child Relationship, Toddlers, Positive Reinforcement, Motivation