Freshman grades relate to academic outcomes, yet limited research explores which students face the highest risk of course failure. With logit analysis using a five-year Arkansas dataset (n = 164,688), we find that economically disadvantaged ninth-grade students are more likely to fail a course than their more privileged peers. This disparity…

Pupils' subject choices at the level of secondary education critically determine the tertiary fields of study that they can pursue. This study used multinomial logistic regression models to investigate the extent to which the final report card grades of ninth-grade students predicted their choices of subject combinations at the senior general…

The purpose of this study was to observe how within-person variation in motivation, self-efficacy and academic performance scores are correlated or can be predicted. The reciprocal association between these variables was analysed through a four-wave longitudinal study and a within-person analytical approach (random intercept cross-lagged panel…