The 2021-22 Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC) is a mandatory survey of all public school districts and schools serving students in preschool through grade 12 in the 50 states, Washington, D.C., and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and therefore includes data from 17,704 public school districts also known as local education agencies (LEAs) and…

This study investigated the mediated distributed leadership effects on student achievement through teacher job satisfaction and disciplinary climate in Turkish high schools. We employed school-, teacher-, and student-level datasets drawn from the 2018 PISA and TALIS datasets and performed a multilevel structural equation model (MSEM). The results…

A national system of education in modern nation-states is usually geared towards nation-building and schools play a significant role in grooming children as future citizens. While the dominant and powerful usually emerge as the 'ideal citizen' in the national imagination, the marginalized are constructed as the 'other', vilified, and stigmatised.…