A teacher competency instrument was developed to determine the level of teacher competency in small schools in Peninsular Malaysia. This study was conducted in Perak and Negeri Sembilan to determine the instrument's reliability and validity. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and item reliability analysis were used to determine the questionnaire's…

Teacher empowerment has been recognized as an imperative management practice to develop and implement innovations in schools. However, studies investigating the relationship between teacher empowerment and the innovation climate are scant, inhibiting the development of effective strategies to foster educational innovation. This study examines the…