The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) student questionnaire, despite being designed for low cognitive demand, may induce test burden due to its 306-item length, resulting in increased item nonresponse toward the questionnaire's end. Using the PISA 2018 response data from 80 countries and a cross-classified mixed effects model,…

We explore how the growth mindset relates to intercultural and global citizenship competencies in three Southeast Asian countries (Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand). Using data from the global competencies self-report survey and cognitive assessment of PISA 2018, we hypothesized that intercultural attitudes (i.e., openness, respect, global…

Despite clear evidence detailing the academic and psychosocial benefits resulting from a sense of school belonging, there is currently no consistent global consensus about the strategies that can be employed to promote school belonging. In addition, existing research is primarily derived from democratic and developed countries. The current study…

The development of teacher leadership is closely intertwined with the transformation of teacher roles. However, few studies have investigated how this concept, first developed in North America, is affected by teachers' role identities (RIs) in an Asian context. To this end, this study aimed to examine the effects of teachers' perceived role…