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Zirkel, Perry A. – TEACHING Exceptional Children, 2009
In this article, the author identifies and answers questions related to IDEA eligibility issues and the Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) regulation. The author's answers to several questions concerning legal issues are presented.
Descriptors: Public Education, Federal Legislation, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Individualized Education Programs
Zirkel, Perry A.; Thomas, Lisa B. – TEACHING Exceptional Children, 2010
The legal source of schools' use of response to intervention (RTI) is a matter of federal and state special education laws, although its implementation is largely a matter of general education practice. The only mention of RTI is in the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), and it is limited to identification of students with…
Descriptors: Learning Disabilities, Laws, Guidelines, Program Implementation
Zirkel, Perry A.; Gischlar, Karen L. – Journal of Special Education Leadership, 2008
The primary purpose of this article is to track the trend in the number of due process hearings that have been adjudicated under the IDEA (i.e., in which the hearing officer issued a written decision) nationally for the past 15 years. The secondary purpose is to rank order the states by the number of adjudicated hearings both on an overall basis…
Descriptors: Civil Rights, Hearings, Disabilities, Special Education
Zirkel, Perry A. – TEACHING Exceptional Children, 2008
This article presents questions regarding the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA) and its 2006 regulations. The author's answers to these questions are presented.
Descriptors: Disabilities, Educational Legislation, Federal Legislation, Equal Education
Zirkel, Perry A. – TEACHING Exceptional Children, 2007
This article presents questions regarding the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, its 2004 and 2006 regulations, and the No Child Left Behind Act. The author's answers to these questions are presented.
Descriptors: Federal Legislation, Disabilities, Educational Legislation, Equal Education
Zirkel, Perry A. – National Research Center on Learning Disabilities, 2006
Students with specific learning disability ("SLD") account for approximately half of all students that districts have determined to be eligible for special education under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ("IDEA"). Since the late 1970s, the IDEA regulations have required states to use severe discrepancy--based on…
Descriptors: Intervention, Standardized Tests, Learning Disabilities, Laws
Zirkel, Perry A. – Learning Disability Quarterly, 2009
The modern history of the legal protections for students with learning disabilities in K-12 education focuses on the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which is funding legislation with detailed accompanying regulations that, respectively, are periodically revised as part of the reauthorization process. In contrast, Section 504 of…
Descriptors: Educational History, Civil Rights, Elementary Secondary Education, Eligibility
Zirkel, Perry A.; Rose, Tessie – Journal of Special Education Leadership, 2009
A systematic analysis of the references to "scientifically based research" (SBR) and closely related terms, such as "peer-reviewed research" (PRR), in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) legislation, regulations, commentary, and case law reveal that SBR and its primary variants apply largely to state support…
Descriptors: Educational Research, Learning Disabilities, School Districts, Technical Assistance
Zirkel, Perry A. – TEACHING Exceptional Children, 2007
This article presents questions regarding the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) regulations and the No Child Left Behind Act. The author's answers to these questions are presented.
Descriptors: Federal Legislation, Disabilities, Educational Legislation, Evaluation Methods

Sullivan, Kathleen A.; Lantz, Patricia J.; Zirkel, Perry A. – Journal of Special Education, 2000
This article provides a systematic synthesis of the agency and court rulings that apply Section 504 of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act to interscholastic athletics. The resulting framework also offers insight into how these federal statutes may pertain to…
Descriptors: Civil Rights Legislation, Compliance (Legal), Court Litigation, Disabilities

Zirkel, Perry A.; Castens, Christopher – 1978
Legislation concerning teacher evaluation has been limited to date, and surprisingly little litigation has reached the courts. Although there are federal overlays and local interplay, the law of teacher evaluation is largely a state matter. This legal report gives an overview of the federal and state laws, discusses what the statutes say, and…
Descriptors: Court Litigation, Elementary Secondary Education, Federal Legislation, State Legislation
Zirkel, Perry A. – NOLPE School Law Journal, 1976
Descriptors: Collective Bargaining, Elementary Secondary Education, Labor Legislation, Labor Relations
Zirkel, Perry A. – 1977
The purpose of this analysis is to systematically survey the impasse resolution provisions of the 30 state statutes governing teacher-board negotiations and to tentatively explore via statistical techniques whether there is a significant relationship between the degree of compulsion in such provisions and the type and comprehensiveness of such…
Descriptors: Arbitration, Collective Bargaining, Elementary Secondary Education, Labor Legislation
Zirkel, Perry A. – Phi Delta Kappan, 1977
Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Court Litigation, Educational History, Elementary Secondary Education

Zirkel, Perry A.; Stevens, Paul L. – Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 1987
This comprehensive overview of state and federal legislation concerning gifted education demonstrates that the primary source of law relating to gifted students is at the state level. Several administrative appeal decisions have been made in Pennsylvania. Litigation to expand entitlement based on federal law has been less successful than…
Descriptors: Court Litigation, Elementary Secondary Education, Equal Education, Federal Legislation