This report provides a literature review of the evidence on the quality of early childhood education and care for children under three. It considers the implications for policy and practice, particularly for the Government's programme of free early years provision for disadvantaged two year-olds. The review of the research evidence identified four key dimensions of good quality pedagogy for all children under three: (1) Stable relationships and interactions with sensitive and responsive adults; (2) A focus on play-based activities and routines which allow children to take the lead in their own learning; (3) Support for communication and language; and (4) Opportunities to move and be physically active. In order to deliver high quality pedagogy, practitioners need to be skilled and knowledgeable and to work within environments which support them in their practice. The review of the research evidence suggests five "key conditions" for quality: (1) Knowledgeable and capable practitioners, supported by strong leaders; (2) A stable staff team with a low turnover; (3) Effective staff deployment (e.g. favorable ratios, staff continuity); (4) Secure yet stimulating physical environments; and (5) Engaged and involved families.