Reviews Natalie Robinson Cole's contribution to the field of art education by contrasting her philosophies with those of other art educators. Compares her teaching style with Viennese art educator, Franz Cizek. Concludes that Cole's life and work can be examined within as many frames for understanding as can be devised. (KM)

Lowenfeld was incorrect in equating the work of Cole with that of Franz Cizek, the Viennese art educator. Despite similarities in rhetoric, their teaching approaches and careers in art education were very different. Cole's emphasis on freeing the individual, her California exuberance, and holistic approach are more reminiscent of Isadora Duncan.…

Contradictions in the literature abound concerning Franz Cizek's role in fostering creative art. Researchers should turn to student recollections to determine what Franz Cizek's contribution to art education really was. A former Cizek student who today is prominent in design work is interviewed. (RM)

Describes the history of the Chautauqua Industrial Art Desk, a teaching machine that was created around 1913, and the two teaching guides, "The Home Teacher" and "Child Life," that accompany the desk. Explains that the desk was a response to the industrialization and urbanization of society in the early twentieth-century. (CMK)