This book describes two different strategies of organization development consultation and analyzes their application in six elementary schools that were attempting to adopt differentiated staffing and multiunit structure. In two schools, the entire staff received a week or organization development consultation before attempting any structural change. In the other four schools, only a selected group of staff members received the initial consultation; they were expected to help their fellow staff members, with periodic assistance from outside consultants. Comparative data were also collected from two control schools that were trying to adopt multiunit structure but received no training or consultation. In their analysis, the authors combine a quantitative cross-site comparison with detailed case studies of each of the six test schools. Data on staff interaction, decisionmaking, job satisfaction, and various indicators of multiunit structure were collected through direct observation during the first year of the study and through staff interviews and questionnaires administered before the initial consultation, at the end of the first year under the new program, and at the end of the second year. (JG)