There is an abundance of evidence showing relatively strong associations between family characteristics and a child's psychological functioning--both within the normal range and, also, with reference to psychopathology. That has sometimes led to the assumption that equally strong associations should be found within adoptive families. Nevertheless, the available evidence indicates that, to the contrary, the associations tend to be much weaker than those in biological families. In this chapter, the authors sought to determine whether variations in the qualities in the adoptive home might provide the explanation. There was no evidence that postadoption environmental features accounted for the presence of DSPs, but that did not necessarily rule out the possibility of effects on psychopathological features outside of DSPs. The findings certainly do not mean that the huge improvements in functioning following adoption were not a consequence of the adoption. To the contrary, there is ample evidence that this was a causal effect. (Contains 11 tables.)