Iraqi refugees are coming to the United States after years of war and internal conflict, and they bring with them an ancient history. This booklet gives an overview of the land, the people, and the history of Iraq, with a description of the circumstances that compel these refugees to leave their native land. The people who live in Iraq represent a number of ethnic groups, physical types, and languages. Approximately 77 percent of the population are Arabs, about 19 percent are Kurds, and the rest are a variety of different groups. Nearly all follow Islam, and all speak at least a few words of Arabic, the state language. Regardless of social class, the most powerful unit in Arab society is the extended family or tribe. Iraq has never been a region of harmony, and the traditional tensions between ethnic groups have worsened due to recent political events and the embargo against Iraq. Everyday behavior among Arabs reflects much of Islamic beliefs and culture, and many of these cultural traditions are brought to this country by refugees. Cultural traditions common to many Iraqis are outlined, and a discussion of the Arabic language is presented. An annotated bibliography lists 37 books and articles about Iraq. (SLD)