Dr. David Armor introduced his paper on "busing" of pupils as busing became the political battleground of American race relations. The paper includes brief descriptions of studies of school desegregation programs in the states of Connecticut, New York, Michigan, and California, together with a more extensive coverage of his own research on a voluntary desegregation program in metropolitan Boston called METCO. He reports few positive effects, and concludes that "massive mandatory busing for purposes of improving student achievement and interracial harmony is not effective and should not be adopted at this time." This critique of Armor's paper makes such points as: Unrealistic standards for judging the effects of "busing" were used. The selection of studies was biased and incomplete. The critical distinction between desegregation was ignored. Biased and incomplete descriptions were provided of the few studies discussed. The use of white control groups was inadequate and often misleading. The METCO research had serious weaknesses. The achievement effects of "busing" were more complex and positive than reported. Shifts in aspiration and "academic self-image" during desegregation are positive in meaning. Shifts in racial attitudes during desegregation were exaggerated and interpreted too narrowly. (Author/JM)