Non-formal adult educational programs in Scandinavian and North American popular movements have often been used to advance popular, democractic movements in both areas. Folk schools are often viewed as a panacea for social and educational problems, but as the findings here demonstrate, it is not just education but the mobilization of people around…

Suggests a typology of ethnic-education programs and examines the Swedish-speaking community in Finland as an example of an effort to control a separate educational program and maintain the separate ethnic identity of a declining cultural, economic, and social elite. (DB)

A typology of ethnic education programs is suggested and a case study is presented where separate education for an ethnic group has been used to maintain and defend a separate ethnic identity. The typology rates ethnic education programs both by degree of normative and structural change being sought and by degree of control by ethnic groups.…