This article explores the racial prerequisite cases, which were dubious court decisions that attempted to rationalize pseudo-"scientific evidence" and "common knowledge" as reasons for who could and could not be considered for, and who was ultimately denied, U.S. citizenship. These cases are historical antecedents of the…

Broaching controversial issues with critical reflective thought is integral to a democratic education and during the past few decades China has gradually reconceptualized its moral education curricula toward this end. Therefore, this study sought to explore the extent to which controversial issues are addressed and reflective thinking is developed…