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| Journal of Educational… | 1 |
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| Marsh, Herbert W. | 1 |
| Martin, Andrew J. | 1 |
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Peer reviewedMartin, Andrew J.; Marsh, Herbert W.; Debus, Raymond L. – Journal of Educational Psychology, 2001
Examines self-handicapping and defensive pessimism, the factors that predict these strategies, and the associations between these strategies and a variety of academic outcomes. Findings reveal that task orientation negatively predicts both self-handicapping and defensive expectations and positively predicts reflectivity. Students high in…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Defense Mechanisms, Emotional Response, Foreign Countries
