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Phelps, Erin; Zimmerman, Stacy; Warren, A. E. A.; Jelicic, Helena; von Eye, Alexander; Lerner, Richard M. – Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2009
Using data from Grades 5 to 7 of the longitudinal 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD), this research assessed the structure and development of PYD. Building on Grade 5 findings, that "Five Cs" (Competence, Confidence, Connection, Character, and Caring) could be empirically defined as latent constructs converging on a second-order…
Descriptors: Middle Schools, Early Adolescents, Adolescents, Grade 6
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Ohannessian, Christine McCauley; Lerner, Richard M.; Lerner, Jacqueline V.; von Eye, Alexander – Journal of Adolescence, 1999
Longitudinal study showed that during 6th and 7th grades boys reported significantly higher levels of self-competence than girls. Boys were less depressed and anxious than girls in 7th grade, but not in 6th grade. Results support the hypothesis that self-competence is partially responsible for the emergence of gender differences in depression and…
Descriptors: Adolescent Development, Anxiety, Depression (Psychology), Emotional Problems