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Peer reviewedHawkins, Robert P.; And Others – Human Communication Research, 1987
Investigates the cultivation hypothesis by testing two cognitive processes hypothesized to allow viewers to construct television-biased beliefs. Finds the basic cultivation result replicated, but neither process hypothesis was supported. (SR)
Descriptors: Beliefs, Cognitive Processes, Higher Education, Mass Media Effects
Peer reviewedHawkins, Robert P.; Pingree, Suzanne – Communication Research--An International Quarterly, 1980
Elaborates on the cultivation hypothesis: that heavy television viewers incorporate biases present in television content into their own constructions of reality. Suggests that the integration of discrete television events into social reality beliefs requires cognitive skills not available to or unused by younger children. (JMF)
Descriptors: Adolescents, Attitudes, Audiences, Children
Peer reviewedHawkins, Robert P.; Pingree, Suzanne – Human Communication Research, 1981
Challenges two assumptions of the Gerbner cultivation analysis: that commercial television content is uniform in its symbolic messages about society's values, and that television viewing is habitual (ritual) rather than selective. Overall, both assumptions are found flawed; discarding them, however, serves to strengthen rather than weaken the…
Descriptors: Content Analysis, Elementary School Students, Foreign Countries, Hypothesis Testing
Download full textHawkins, Robert P.; Pingree, Suzanne – 1980
Two underlying assumptions of the Cultural Indicators approach to television research were examined, using data on the television viewing habits of 76 second grade, 150 fifth grade, 509 eighth grade, and 350 eleventh grade students in Perth, Australia. The assumptions were that commercial television presented an organically composed total world of…
Descriptors: Adolescents, Association (Psychology), Children, Cultural Influences
