This paper quantifies the economic benefits of educational improvement covered by the educational goals of the European Union, providing disaggregated projections for each of the EU countries and comparative economic results for alternative policy goals. Increased student achievement by 25 PISA points across the EU would be expected to add €71…

School policy debates vacillate between policies emphasizing improvement in general skills and those aimed at strengthening the linkages between schools and the workplace. While these policies do not necessarily conflict, each is frequently motivated by shortcomings in the other. This paper presents basic evidence about the very substantial…

Many governments worldwide have dramatically increased resources devoted to improving educational quality. However, by concentrating on inputs and ignoring incentives within schools, resources have resulted in little overall improvement in student achievement. Reviews U.S. and international evidence on the effectiveness of such input policies,…