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Lee, Tim S. O.; Gardner, David; Lau, Ken – Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 2020
Previous studies have associated L2 teachers' use of motivational strategies with learners' motivated behaviours in class such as raised attention and participation. The after-class effects of L2 motivational strategies, in contrast, have drawn less attention. This paper reports a study examining how L2 teachers' motivational interventions cause…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, English (Second Language), Learning Motivation
Gardner, David; Yung, Kevin W. H. – Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 2017
This paper reports on the findings of a study looking at students' motivation to engage in self-access language learning (SALL) while taking an English for Academic Purposes course which contains a substantial integrated SALL component. To-date there has been limited research into the motivation of such students but it is an important area of…
Descriptors: Learning Motivation, Independent Study, Questionnaires, Surveys
Gardner, David; Miller, Lindsay – System: An International Journal of Educational Technology and Applied Linguistics, 2011
This paper is based on a research project looking at the management of self-access language learning (SALL) from the perspective of the managers of self-access centres. It looks at the factors which influence the practice of seven managers of self-access language learning in tertiary institutions in Hong Kong. The discussion centres around five…
Descriptors: Personal Autonomy, Foreign Countries, Independent Study, Second Language Learning
Lai, Conttia; Gardner, David; Law, Ellie – Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 2013
This paper reports on a study examining the attitudes and perceptions of a group of in-service teachers who are new or relatively new to facilitating self-directed learning (SDL) before and after they taught a course with an integrated SDL component. The study also investigates the impact on those teachers' attitudes of an orientation package…
Descriptors: Independent Study, Facilitators (Individuals), Attitude Change, Inservice Teacher Education
Gardner, David – Hong Kong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 1993
This paper discusses copyright laws in Hong Kong, and how they are an impediment to self-access learning centers. Most of the published materials needed for use in self-access centers are not suitable without some adaptation. Such adaptations often involve photocopying parts of a book or the whole thing. In addition, it is often felt that it is…
Descriptors: Copyrights, Foreign Countries, Higher Education, Independent Study

Gardner, David – TESOL Journal, 1996
Emphasizes the need for self-assessment opportunities for self-access learners as a vehicle for granting recognition of the independence of these learners who possess the power to choose their lessons. Acceptable resources for self-assessment include computer software; peer review; TV news broadcasts; films with subtitles; and published, free…
Descriptors: Bilingual Instructional Materials, Broadcast Television, Computer Software, English (Second Language)
Gardner, David – Hong Kong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 1994
A student project for learners of English for academic purposes (EAP) at a Hong Kong university is described and discussed. The project involved independent production by students of a documentary on the uses of English in the community. Topic, method of delivery, and organizational aspects were negotiated within the group of 15 students. Project…
Descriptors: Audience Awareness, College Students, Documentaries, English for Academic Purposes