The author well remembers the First TESOL War (TW1), in the 1950s, a "war" personified by an obvious altercation between Professors Rudy Troike and Jim Alatis, as to whether TESOL was good or bad for bilingual education. It was imperfectly resolved, for the time being, at least, by the National Association for Bilingual Education's (NABE's)…

Discussed are some of the problems of bilingual programs (lack of funds, personnel, and evaluated programs). Four broad categories of bilingual programs are (1) Transitional Bilingualism, in which Spanish is used in the early grades to help pupils "adjust to school" and/or "master subject matter" until their skill in English is developed; (2)…

Federal bilingual education legislation is discussed briefly, and a definition of bilingual education is given. The following topics are then discussed: (1) four types of bilingual programs - transitional, monoliterate, partial and full bilingualism; and (2) compensatory, enrichment and group maintenance programs. (KM)

Identifies four types of bilingual education programs, those having transitional, monoliterate, partial, or full bilingualism as their objectives, and discusses the importance of societal information in deciding which type of program to establish. (FB)

Discusses various sociological issues of bilingual education, including language and ethnicity, language planning, nonstandard versus standard, and language maintenance. Types of bilingual education are described. (EKN)

As diglossia is the societal counterpart of individual bilingualism, diethnia is the stable, societal counterpart to individual biculturalism. Diethnia requires societal compartmentalization as well as institutionally protected functional specificity. Maintenance of this division is difficult, given modern, interactive, mobile, and individualistic…

Research indicates that the number of ethnic community mother tongue schools may actually be increasing in the United States. These schools moderate and modulate ethnic uniqueness while channeling Americanness via the community's own institutions. (Author/GC)

A survey discussion of the question of standard languages versus dialects in education observes practice and conditions in America and Europe with attention to the definition of dialect. Responsibilities of the bilingual education teacher are outlined. (CHK)

A sociolinguist looks at language teaching and the need for bilingual education to help the non-English-speaking poor and to preserve diverse cultures. Bilingual education and second language instruction are seen as interdependent fields with great potential for helping each other. (SC)

Examines five biliterate (reading/writing mastery in two languages) educational settings for their functional approaches to language instruction and their different teaching methods. Notes the implications of such examinations and comparisons regarding regular English instruction and teaching English to speakers of other languages. (RL)

Discusses the nature of bilingual education, the four types of bilingual education programs, the rationale for bilingual education, the possible influence of bilingual education upon language teaching and language learning, extra societal and external societal influences upon language teaching, the relationship of bilingual education to…

Examines the contributions of bilingual schools to minority language maintenance and stresses the inadvisability of relying on schools alone for this task. Uses the concepts of "primary and secondary reward systems" to argue that scholastic achievements cannot have any lasting impact without the sociopolitical and economic rewards of the primary…

This paper questions whether the same theoretical model of educational policy decisions can be used for bilingual as well as bidialectal education. Three basic policies are discussed, first in applications for second language learning and then in the field of teaching a second dialect. Generally speaking, the same theoretical models are applicable…

The question of whether or not mother-tongue education is the best medium of instruction is examined, using social and cultural criteria instead of the usual academic/cognitive criteria. The real significance of using disadvantaged vernaculars is that such use symbolizes to minority groups a lessening of relative disadvantage. (RM)

Schools in the United States that have always conducted classes in an ethnic language were studied in an attempt to correct a long-standing oversight in the development of bilingual education theory. Chapters are devoted to the critical examination of five of the assumptions that have guided ethnic communities in institutionalizing ethnic-language…