The purpose of this study is to examine the interactions among measurement theories, writing theories, and writing assessments in the United States from an historical perspective. The assessment of writing provides a useful framework for examining how theories influence, and in some cases fail to influence actual practice. Two research traditions…

Explores the interactions among measurement theories, reading theories, and measurement practices from a historical perspective. Describes a conceptual framework for examining the assessment of reading and reviews major research traditions in measurement theory in the 20th century. Also provides a brief history of the Rasch measurement theory in…

A model based on organizational theory was used in this study to discover educational goals emphasized by teachers in classrooms and to explore the impact of the social organization of schooling on these goals. Age-grade structure was examined as a possible organizational characteristic influencing moral and technical goals selected by teachers.…