Policymakers, experts and advocates have promoted many different types of education reform over the past few decades, but what is the evidence about the efficacy of these programs? EdChoice partnered with Hanover Research to find out what research has been conducted in nine major education reform areas focusing on outcomes related to student achievement or education attainment. The best methodology available to researchers for generating "apples-to-apples" comparisons is a randomized control trial (RCT), which researchers also refer to as random assignment studies or experimental studies. For this summary only RCTs were reviewed--not studies using other methods--because experiments comparing treatment and control groups allow researchers to identify reform/policy/program effects while minimizing bias from unobservable factors. The brief shares the assessment of the RCT studies only examining two types of outcomes, either participating students' achievement or measures of educational attainment. [Reviews conducted by Hanover Research Editing and coding by EdChoice.]