Discusses the history of open-air schools using an evaluation of Belgian schools. Expounds on the complex relationship between educational space and the educational act, and between traditional and progressive education. Demonstrates that open-air schools provided the same education as traditional schools and were not a real alternative for…

Attributes the divergence between U.S. and German approaches to educational psychology prior to World War II to the German emphasis on "Gestaltpsychologie." This approach focused on hermeneutics and philosophy rather than behaviorism. The emphasis on a total, interconnected philosophical approach was later corrupted by the Nazis into…