This volume builds on Fortune and Tedick's 2008 Pathways to Multilingualism: Evolving Perspectives on Immersion Education and showcases the practice and promise of immersion education through in-depth investigations of program design, implementation practices, and policies in one-way, two-way and indigenous programs. Contributors present new…

This is an updated and revised edition of the directory produced in 1992, and the supplements of 1993 and 1994, on two-way bilingual programs that integrate language minority and language majority students, providing instruction in and through the two languages in Grades pre-K-12. Languages involved include Arabic, Cantonese, Chinese, French,…

In two-way bilingual education programs (TBPs), students learn together through two languages in programs that aim to develop dual language proficiency along with academic achievement. In Christian and Mahrer (1992, 1993), profiles were completed for TBPs in operation during the 1991-1992 and 1992-1993 academic years. This supplement, an annual…

In the United States, two-way immersion (TWI) is an educational approach that integrates native English speakers and native speakers of another language (usually Spanish) for content and literacy instruction in both languages. In recent years, the number of TWI programs has grown rapidly. This report examines key issues to consider when planning…

Discusses why, where, and when two-way immersion programs were created; how they are being implemented (student population, program features, teachers, and instructional features); and what effects they are having, noting some of the issues that are emerging as this model gains popularity (e.g., minority languages other than Spanish, preserving…

Depicts the state of two-way immersion programs in the United States. Data indicate that these programs educate nonnative- English-speaking students, expand the nation's language resources by conserving the native-language skills of minority students and developing second-language skills in English-speaking students, and enhance crosscultural…

The report discusses the first- and second-language development, oral and written, of native English-speakers and native Spanish-speakers in the two-way immersion (TWI) program at Key Elementary School (Arlington, Virginia). Data were drawn from classroom observation from 1994-96, student performance measures, and student work samples. Three…

Since the mid-1980s two-way bilingual education programs have attracted renewed interest as an effective way to educate both language-minority and language-majority students. This report, which describes and assesses the current state of such programs in the United States, is based on data collected from 169 schools during the 1991-92, 1992-93,…

The information on two-way bilingual programs presented in this volume was gathered as the first phase of a study for the National Center for Research on Cultural Diversity and Second Language Learning. Two-way bilingual programs integrate language minority and language majority students and provide instruction in and through two languages. This…

The report presents results of a study of elementary and secondary school two-way bilingual immersion programs that focused on the program and contextual factors affecting student learning, student and teacher language use in the classroom, and teaching strategies used to promote target language use and increase language proficiency. The study…

The first annual supplement to the 1991-1992 directory of two-way bilingual education programs in the United States profiles new and some existing programs in which language-minority and language-majority children are instructed in and through both languages. this volume contains data on 25 programs in Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut,…

A review of 35 reports evaluating 27 two-way bilingual education programs is reported. All programs represented meet basic criteria for language of instruction, student characteristics, and emphasis on developing bilingualism. The review examined program characteristics and student outcomes, when available. Results are summarized in the following…

This monograph discusses issues in the design and implementation of two-way immersion, or two-way bilingual education programs, and describes three exemplary programs. An introductory section examines briefly the rationale for two-way immersion and the extent of its use in the United States. Three school program profiles follow: (1) Francis Scott…