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Direct linkCarnoy, Martin; Froumin, Isak; Loyalka, Prashant K.; Tilak, Jandhyala B. – Higher Education: The International Journal of Higher Education and Educational Planning, 2014
Because higher education serves both public and private interests, the way it is conceived and financed is contested politically, appearing in different forms in different societies. What is public and private in education is a political--social construct, subject to various political forces, primarily interpreted through the prism of the state.…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Educational Finance, Educational Change, Higher Education
Download full textCarnoy, Martin – National Education Policy Center, 2015
Stanford education professor Martin Carnoy examines four main critiques of how international test results are used in policymaking. Of particular interest are critiques of the policy analyses published by the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). Using average PISA scores as a comparative measure of student achievement is misleading…
Descriptors: Criticism, Reputation, Test Validity, Error of Measurement
