Reviews research on teachers' praise in the classroom and proposes specific guidelines for helping teachers praise effectively. Time, concentrated attention, and individualization of remarks according to the student and the situation are considered crucial factors in praising effectively. (CM)

In the late 1970s, teachers were viewed either as weak links to be circumvented or as technicians to be programmed. Now educators recognize the significance of well-educated teachers being able to assume new powers and responsibilities to redesign schools. This article reviews recent teaching research and explores findings developed at the…

Notes utility of research linking teacher behavior to student outcomes and cautions that the research assumes that practitioners avoid certain common mistakes. Offers guidelines for appropriately interpreting and using teacher effects research and thus avoiding its misuse. (SKC)

Describes techniques for managing the classroom as an effective environment for teaching and learning. Focuses on establishing an effective management system, maintaining attention and task engagement, and pursuing broader student socialization goals. (KH)

Reviews research-based techniques for classroom management, maintaining that it is now possible systematically to train teachers to organize their classrooms as effective learning environments. (JM)

Substantial research on classroom management informs teacher education. But knowledge about student socialization and disciplinary intervention is based on a consensus of experts, rather than on empirical evidence. The author outlines the knowledge base and suggests principles to guide teacher education in these areas. (JL)

Provides a historical perspective of the classroom-management context, noting that certain classroom-management principles are applicable to the range of possible instructional strategies and concluding that management systems should support instructional systems and student roles should be clearly articulated in the planning process for…

Focuses on assessment of children in the primary grades, addressing goal-oriented practices and the use of activities for instruction and assessment. Lists the guiding principles for creating assessment tools. Discusses alternative assessment techniques that can be used in the primary grades, such as role playing or using manipulatives. (CMK)

Reviews past research on teacher expectations, student motivation, classroom management, and process-outcome research. Discusses the newer trend toward research on teaching for understanding and use of knowledge and its application for curriculum development, particularly in social studies. Contains detailed tables summarizing the author's…

Contends that barriers to effective education can be overcome by using the community as a living laboratory for social studies learning. Discusses out-of-school learning opportunities that meet four criteria: (1) goal relevance; (2) appropriate level of difficulty; (3) feasibility; and (4) cost effectiveness. (CFR)