This book compares two groups of citizens who challenged U.S. public school curricula in the 1980s and identities striking similarities between proponents of Afrocentrism and creationism, accounts for differential outcomes, and draws conclusions for the study of culture, organizations, and social movements. The chapters are (1) Introduction to Afrocentrism and Creationism, Challengers to Educational Injustice; (2) The Challengers; (3) History of the Three Afrocentric Cases: Atlanta, Washington, D.C., and New York State; (4) Cultural, Political, and Organizational Factors Influencing Afrocentric Outcomes; (5) History of the Four Creationist States: Louisiana State, California State, Vista, California, and Kansas State; (6) Cultural, Political, and Organizational Factors Influencing Creationist Outcomes; and (7) Making More Institutional the Study of Challenge. An appendix lists interview respondents for the study. (Contains 496 endnotes and 208 references.) (SLD)