David C. Berliner's title paper is a research review which explores factors that can be controlled or influenced by teachers and that are known to affect student behavior, attitudes, and achievement. Pre-instructional factors include decisions about content, time allocation, pacing, grouping, and activity structures. "During-Instruction" factors include engaged time, time management, monitoring success rate, academic learning time, monitoring, structuring, and questioning. Communicating academic expectations for achievement; developing a safe, orderly, and academically focused environment; sensible management of deviancy; and developing cooperative learning environments are climate factors. Among post-instructional factors are tests, grades, and feedback. Jane H. Applegate's response to Berliner's paper agrees that educational research has many promising avenues but also states that the research results must be useful to teachers and in a form that they can use. Ken Henson's response also states that educators must keep abreast of research and that they must use such findings to improve education. (CJB)