Multiple providers (including state, quasi-state and non-state ones) have contributed to raising initial enrolment and improving gender balance in Bangladesh. The critical question is how multiplicity and diversity of provision can contribute to achieving truly universal primary education with high completion rates and acceptable levels of…

This monograph, in the CREATE Pathways to Access series, is about the modality of cooperation and programme management in primary education in Bangladesh, based specifically on the experience of the Second Primary Education Development Programme (PEDP II). It is not intended to be an assessment of PEDP II accomplishments, but key information and a…

Literacy is not an end in itself; the real concern is that illiterate people do not have access to the knowledge and skills that can improve their situation. Literacy education should be tied to a process of economic development. (SK)

This Policy Brief describes and explains patterns of access to schooling in Bangladesh. It outlines types of educational provision and provides some basic statistics on access, vulnerability and exclusion, as well as insights into the characteristics of those denied access. It is based on findings from the "Country Analytic Review on Access…

Problems and promises associated with nonformal rural education in developing nations are presented. (CP)

Approaches for improving and increasing educational programs that relate skill learning with efforts to increase employment, productivity, and income in rural areas of developing nations are provided. (Author/DE)

The confluence of three major forces has given a new significance to nonformal education for the developing countries--denied educational opportunities and resource constraints, questions about the relevance of formal education, and growing awareness of the importance of lifelong education. The absence of inadequacies of concepts and priorities of…

Discusses ambivalent attitudes toward the influence of external agencies, specifically the World Bank, on policies and programs of development. Concludes that the strategy of lending must be backed up by the analysis of development situations, assessment of the political climate for mass oriented development, and the basis of political commitment…

This book is part of a series of studies dealing with educational economics and the efficiency of various forms of education. This volume is concerned with the topic of nonformal education, particularly as it might be applied in developing nations that are still largely rural. The author does not attempt to develop a definitive economic analysis…

The author argues that educational planning endeavors, especially in developing countries, must be accompanied by social and economic development in order to have significant long-term effects. (AV)

Summarizing the International Council for Educational Development's (ICED) second report on the study of nonformal education for rural youth and children, this draft of the second report outlines the substance of each chapter and the main findings, conclusions, and recommendations. This summary does not include the detailed evidence,…

Designed to assist rural planners and policy makers of developing countries in the use of nonformal education programs, this book analyzes the findings of a two-year irternational research study. Emphasizing a functional view of education and equating education with learning, the focus is on: (1) preplanning diagnosis, (2) educational delivery…

Discussed is the role of nonformal education in relation to six concerns in educational development faced by developing nations: (1) universalization of primary education, (2) post-primary educational opportunities, (3) early childhood care and education, (4) relevance of school experience, (5) efficient use of scarce resources, and (6)…

Clarifies the concept of universal basic education. Highlights the need for performance criteria and ways to measure literacy attainment. Identifies issues related to improving primary education, seeing adult literacy as its necessary complement. Underscores the substantial resources required to achieve universal basic education. (CH)

This country analytical review examines the key issues in access to and participation in primary and secondary education in Bangladesh, with a special focus on areas and dimensions of exclusion. Against a background of overall progress, particularly in closing the gender gap in primary and secondary enrollment, the research applies a conceptual…