A large and representative 10% sample of classrooms consisting of 1,587 students from a mid-western province in Canada was administered a standardized achievement test battery. This battery consisted of four tests, Reading, Mathematics, Written Expression, and Using Sources of Information. Gender and rural-urban differences in achievement and…

The ability of tenth grade plane geometry students to structure concepts and relationships from a geometry unit on ratio, proportion and similarity was tested. Analysis of cognitive "maps" of the structural relationships possessed by twenty concrete and twenty formal subjects indicated that formal operational subjects structure subject…