In the Peace Corps, many posts support host country efforts in early grade reading in primary schools. In some settings, Volunteers act as literacy coaches, while in others Volunteers are co-teachers or teach literacy or reading directly with primary grade students. Some Volunteers concentrate their efforts on developing a school-based library and help schools incorporate library and book-focused activities into their timetables. Each country has established for itself the language(s) used for literacy and reading instruction in the formal school setting. Activities in this manual offer opportunities for bi-literacy implementation for situations where children do not come to school understanding the language of instruction (i.e., students who speak a language at home different from the language taught in school). This manual provides Volunteers with some essential tools to help students connect their mother tongue with the orthography or formal system of language presented in school. The purpose of this manual is to help Volunteers working in literacy to build the capacity of their host country counterparts by organizing ideas, activities, and lesson plans for each of the concepts highlighted in the Literacy Wheel. The Literacy Wheel illustrates the various components of literacy and learning to read and also demonstrates the relationship of these concepts to each other. Each chapter of this manual has been organized around the literacy wheel for ease of organization and reference. The chapters are also presented in a developmentally logical sequence, beginning with the most basic concepts (i.e., Print Awareness and Knowledge) and ending with the most complex components in literacy (i.e., Spelling, Writing).