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Tajalli, Hassan; Opheim, Cynthia – Educational Research Quarterly, 2005
This study, assumes the significance of socioeconomic status (SES) or input factors in explaining achievement, and considers the impact of other "process" variables, that is, factors over which schools have some control. Using the Texas Academic Excellence Indicator System (AEIS) data, it examines these variables to determine the…
Descriptors: Elementary Schools, Secondary Schools, Economically Disadvantaged, Institutional Characteristics
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Lorence, Jon; Dworkin, Anthony Gary.; Toenjes, Laurence A.; Hill, Antwanette N. – Brookings Papers on Education Policy, 2002
Although considerable research examines the impact of grade retention on student academic achievement, various shortcomings exhibited across these studies make it difficult to derive any concrete generalizations about the effectiveness of requiring students to repeat a grade. By utilizing data based on a cohort of all low-achieving elementary…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Grade Repetition, Reading Tests, Social Promotion