Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to question the appropriateness of a proposal for a new European Qualifications Framework. The framework has three perspectives: historical; analytical; and national. Design/methodology/approach: The approaches are diverse since the first insists on the institutional and decision-making processes at European level questioning the impact that could have on the recently formalised Open Method of Coordination. The second goes into more detailed analyses of the instrument itself and of its shortcomings both in conceptual terms and on its pragmatic ones. The last approach is a comparative one by which the French system is "benchmarked" against EQF guidelines. Findings: The main conclusion is that there is obviously a political will to question the role and the structure of qualifications in view of an economy and a society of knowledge and that research has much to contribute--on very different levels--like the three chosen for this article. Research limitations/implications: Choosing to mix three quite different approaches in one short text is an attempt to be valued since it shows the different aspects under which a so-called "neutral" instrument needs to be regarded. Practical implications: Practically, this speaks for the further involvement of research in the present, very institutional and organisational discussions on European qualifications. Originality/value: In terms of research, it is seldom that these various levels are considered together. The article proves that there is a case to do so. (Contains 16 notes.)