Reviews trends in second-language instruction in England during the late 1800s. Maintains that classical languages were considered "boy's subjects," whereas modern languages were taught to girls. Asserts that educational reform of both all education resulted in the redefinition of modern languages as curricular subjects. (CFR)

Discusses the educational experiences of historians during the middle 1800s. Describes changes in historical research methods and historical interpretation that developed a new type of professional historian. Asserts that the school environment for adolescent boys directly was related to changes in historiography and historical writing. (CFR)