The aim of this study is to determine the effect of variables such as gender, class and parental education level, family income level on motivation levels of students to learn science and do research, performance, communication, collaborative work and participation. The study group of the study was in the 2015-2016 academic year, public schools in…

The authors test biosocial models that posit interactions between biological variables (testosterone, estradiol, pubertal status, and pubertal timing) and social context variables (family, peer, school, and neighborhood) in predicting adolescent involvement with cigarettes and alcohol in a sample of 409 adolescents in Grades 6 and 8. Models…