Educational research in China has reflected the turmoil and political changes of that nation. Stating at the outset that education in China is insufficient for meeting the demands of modernization, the paper shows how failure to understand the role of educational research has contributed to this condition. An overview of educational research and…

This account of efforts to reconstruct educational research in China, guided by Marxist principles and reflective of a national policy of building a "socialist spiritual civilization," presents the major requirements of that endeavor. Educational sciences are to be guided by four understandings: correct theories; realistic policies;…

Maintains that during the first 15 years of Soviet rule, the Communist Party's school policy went through at least 5 transformations. Describes these changes in light of Stalin's New Economic Policy. Speculates that the Russian school system will return to its slow progress toward "Americanization." (ACM)