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Mclaren, David J. – History of Education, 1996
Discusses the utopian philosophy and related educational practices of the early 19th-century communitarian settlement in New Harmony, Indiana. The settlement failed after several years, due in no small part to the falling out between its two main supporters, Robert Owen and William Maclure. (MJP)
Descriptors: Collective Settlements, Community Characteristics, Community Development, Community Education

Tomlinson, Stephen – History of Education, 1996
Reviews the contributions and educational philosophy of Herbert Spencer. The 19th-century social philosopher was an advocate of Pestalozzianism, an early form of open education and a precursor to John Dewey's progressive education. Discusses a broad range of educational reform movements and how they influenced Spencer. (MJP)
Descriptors: Educational Change, Educational History, Educational Philosophy, Educational Psychology