Spending on computer-based technology in schools continues to grow, based on an expectation that student learning will follow suit, yet, many educators and policymakers are still unsure of how to get the most return on this investment. Research shows that in addition to monetary investments, substantial planning and organization are required if computer-based technology is to enhance student learning. A variety of benefits have been attributed to computer-based technology, yet it has not been easy to pin down its value. Research suggests computer-based technology can have a positive effect on student learning under certain circumstances and when used for certain purposes. In order to inform educators and policymakers who are developing school or district technology plans, this Knowledge Brief addresses the question, "Under what conditions does technology have the most benefits for students?" The lessons learned in this brief are based on a review of various studies. This brief describes the elements educators and policymakers should consider when putting together a thorough and effective technology plan that will help increase academic performance. (Contains 31 references.) (AEF)