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"Affirmative Action" and Equal Protection in Higher Education. CRS Report R45481, Version 3. Updated
Back, Christine J.; Hsin, JD S. – Congressional Research Service, 2019
The last several years have seen renewed debate over the role that race plays in higher education--a debate over "affirmative action." The report first considers "affirmative action" in its original sense: the "mandatory" race-conscious measures that the federal courts have imposed on "de jure" segregated…
Descriptors: Affirmative Action, Equal Protection, Higher Education, Federal Courts
Sendor, Benjamin – American School Board Journal, 1986
Examines a United States Supreme Court decision upholding the Bethel, Washington, school district in disciplining a student for giving a sexually provocative speech. Refers to the 1969 decision in "Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District," in which students had been suspended for wearing symbols of opposition to the…
Descriptors: Activism, Court Litigation, Discipline Policy, Elementary Secondary Education
Dowling-Sendor, Benjamin – American School Board Journal, 1997
In "Stephenson v. Davenport Community School District," the U.S. Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that schools cannot adopt unduly vague policies to regulate student expression, in this case, a cross-shaped tattoo. (LMI)
Descriptors: Civil Liberties, Court Litigation, Discipline Policy, Dress Codes
Splitt, David A. – Executive Educator, 1986
Examines a U.S. Supreme Court decision upholding the Bethel, Washington, school district in disciplining a student for giving a sexually provocative speech. Cautions against a possible trend toward renewed school emphasis on dress codes and other issues of decorum. (IW)
Descriptors: Court Litigation, Discipline Policy, Dress Codes, Elementary Secondary Education
Dowling-Sendor, Benjamin – American School Board Journal, 2002
Reviews a recent decision in "Littlefield" by the 5th Circuit upholding a school uniform policy. Advises board member who wish to adopt a school uniform policy to solicit input from parents and students, research the experiences of other school districts with uniform policies, and articulate the interests they wish to promote through uniform…
Descriptors: Court Litigation, Dress Codes, Educational Environment, Elementary Secondary Education
Beckham, Joseph C. – 1983
Sixth in a series providing a scope treatment of case law on a wide range of public school issues, this monograph reviews selected federal and state decisions handed down between June 30, 1982 and June 30, 1983. School board issues covered include at-large election, open meeting laws, and authority to close schools, reduce slaries, interpret…
Descriptors: Administrators, Board of Education Policy, Collective Bargaining, Court Litigation