Researchers reviewed existing research and conducted an original analysis of data from a large, nationally representative sample of Latino kindergartners with the aim of understanding what factors are associated with math achievement prior to and during the kindergarten year. This report begins by providing an overview of the research on the importance, starting in early childhood, of mathematics knowledge. It then looks at predictors of children's math scores at the start of the kindergarten year and at predictors of their growth between the beginning and end of kindergarten. Finally, it offers to the diverse groups who have a stake in this issue--policymakers, professional associations and advocacy organizations, educators, and parents--a number of specific recommendations to support early math skill development. [This report was funded by the Televisa Foundation. For the Executive Summary, see ED586348.]