The openness of the Internet has greatly facilitated scholarly communication and led to creative developments in many fields. The Internet has been called the most democratic of media. In many countries, one does not need permission to post a new Web page. Public domain information flows freely and is widely accessible on an impartial basis to individuals of all stripes. It is at once scholarly, entertaining, commercial, and informative. It both facilitates and enhances learning and education. Why would anyone want to alter the Internet's structure? Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rulings in 2002 and 2005, telecoms have announced their plans to create a two-tiered Internet where content, application, and service providers would have to pay a fee to run their content and services at the same speed and quality as the telecoms own content and services. In this article, the author discusses the debate under the rubric called network neutrality. Net neutrality includes the principle that owners of the networks that provide access to the Internet (the telecoms) should not be able to discriminate against a content provider's access to that network.