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Williams, Carmen Braun; Wiggins, Marsha I. – Counseling and Values, 2010
Many African American women begin counseling stigmatized by race and gender and may be targets of additional discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, class, age, and other social variables. In this article, the authors discuss "womanist" spirituality as a means for African American women to cope with racism, sexism, and multiple social…
Descriptors: African Americans, Females, Sexual Orientation, Religious Factors
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Constantine, Madonna G.; Smith, Laura; Redington, Rebecca M.; Owens, Delila – Journal of Counseling & Development, 2008
This article reports on the results of a qualitative study of Black faculty working in counseling and counseling psychology programs. This investigation involved the use of semistructured interviews to explore the racial microaggressions Black faculty members reportedly experienced in academia. Results of the analysis indicated that 7 primary…
Descriptors: Race, Counseling Psychology, College Faculty, African Americans