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Direct linkJiang, Xiangying – Reading Matrix: An International Online Journal, 2016
This study discusses the construct of oral reading fluency and examines its relationship to reading comprehension among adult English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) learners of four first language (L1) backgrounds. One hundred and forty-nine adult learners of English with Arabic, Japanese, Spanish and Chinese language backgrounds participated in this…
Descriptors: Oral Reading, Reading Fluency, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning
Download full textWinke, Paula; Gass, Susan; Myford, Carol – ETS Research Report Series, 2011
This study investigated whether raters' second language (L2) background and the first language (L1) of test takers taking the TOEFL iBT® Speaking test were related through scoring. After an initial 4-hour training period, a group of 107 raters (mostly of learners of Chinese, Korean, and Spanish), listened to a selection of 432 speech samples that…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Evaluators, Speech Tests, English (Second Language)
Carlson, Sybil B.; And Others – 1985
Four writing samples were obtained from 638 foreign college applicants who represented three major foreign language groups (Arabic, Chinese, and Spanish), and from 60 native English speakers. All four were scored holistically, two were also scored for sentence-level and discourse-level skills, and some were scored by the Writer's Workbench…
Descriptors: Arabic, Chinese, College Entrance Examinations, Computer Software
