Principals (policy makers) have debated the progress in U.S. student performance for a half century or more. Informing these conversations, survey agents have administered seven million psychometrically linked tests in math and reading in 160 waves to national probability samples of selected cohorts born between 1954 and 2007. This study is the…

Prior research has suggested a strong link between student-level psychological constructs such as self-efficacy and achievement in academics. In this study, we looked at the relationship between math self-efficacy and mathematics literacy using a large-scale survey from Greece. Our analytical results show that there is a strong association between…

This article examines how international differences in age-grade distributions and grade effects contribute to science scores among 27 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries. As shown in the 2006 Program for International Student Assessment, countries vary substantially in the grade distribution of 15-year-olds. The costs…